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1.6 Types of sources

 
Determine your information  needs
1.1 Define your topic
1.2 Increase familiarity with your topic
1.3 Map your ideas
1.4 Types of assignment
1.5 Amount of information
* 1.6 Types of sources
1.7 Types of publications
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Glossary

You may be directed to use only Primary sources for your assignment...

...while other assignments might require use of both primary and Secondary sources.

Information sources can be regarded as primary or secondary depending on their:

  • originality
  • proximity to the source or event.

Primary sources come directly from the source or person. They are original materials, which have not been filtered through interpretation.

For example:

  • statistics, interviews and surveys
  • autobiographies/memoirs, diaries, blog diaries, and original writing
  • Journal articles (when discussing original ideas or reporting original research)
  • books (when discussing original ideas or reporting original research)
  • newspaper articles (when written at the time of an event)
  • artefacts such as furniture, buildings, tools and clothes
  • photographs, music and art work
  • maps
  • patents or Standards
  • statutes and law reports
  • records of proceedings of meetings, committees etc.

A Subject example: Harlequin ladybirds as an invasive species

A secondary source could be an online newsletter article, e.g.,  Aliens in the attic by Helen Roy in PlanetEarth Online:

PlanetEarth Online website

Newsletter article on invasive species with the focus on Harlequin ladybirds.

A primary source could be an online journal article, e.g., Intraguild interactions and aphid predators... in Journal of Applied Entomology (available via the Library website):        

Journal of Applied Entomology article

Article reporting original research on the ladybird’s potential affect on one native species.

 

Secondary sources analyse, interpret and comment on primary information.

For example:

  • biographies
  • journal articles (when they report or summarise the findings of others)
  • books (when the material is drawn from other work and intended as a topic overview or summary)
  • newspaper articles (when offering commentary or opinions)
  • literature reviews
  • Encyclopaedia
  • dictionaries.

A Subject example: Poverty in Victorian London

A secondary source could be a book, e.g., The eternal slum: housing and social policy in Victorian London by A S Wohl:

Book cover of The eternal slum...

Explains how the problems of the poor developed and multiplied during the 19th century ...[booknews.com].

A primary source could be a website, e.g.,  Charles Booth Online Archive:  

     

Charles Booth Online Archive website

A website containing the original records (e.g., maps and notebooks) from Booth's survey into life and labour in London (from 1886 to 1903).

 

The terms primary and secondary may have a discipline specific meaning. If you are in doubt, check with your lecturer or module leader.

Why bother to make the distinction?

Distinguishing between types of sources enables critical evaluations to be made about the information. When information is four or five times removed from the source, it is easy for detail to be lost or ideas misinterpreted.

Most scholarly research is based on primary sources because it generates more accurate and efficient research.

You are now sharpening your focus by selecting your sources. But which Publication type will ensure the information is current and appropriate to your information need?

 

Activity

Activity inidcatorTest your knowledge and understanding with our short quiz.

[NB: You will need to allow ActiveX controls in your browser]

 

Here are some more videos and activities to test and develop your understanding of primary and secondary sources:

 

View an interactive demonstration of primary and secondary sources [6:47 minutes] View an interactive demonstration of primary and secondary sources. [6:47 minutes]

View a video of JSTOR Primary and Secondary sources [4:25 minutes] View a video of JSTOR Primary and Secondary Sources. [4:25 minutes]  

The JSTOR database is available via the University Library website.

View What is a Primary Source - a YouTube video... [3.02 minutes] View What is a Primary Source - a YouTube video explaining primary sources using an historical event.

[3:02 minutes] 

View Source Wars - Episode III - Primary vs. Secondary Sources - a humorous look at the difference between primary and secondary sourcesView Source Wars - Episode III - Primary vs. Secondary Sources - a humorous look at the differences between  

primary and secondary sources. [5:20 minutes]

 




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