ARU Harvard
ARU students are now required to use the Cite Them Right style of Harvard referencing, see our Cite Them Right page.The full guide has two sections. In the first part we show you how to cite a reference in the text of your assignment, in the second part we have included instructions for each of the main source types such as books or web pages. Examples are given in red. Any similarities with published works are coincidental.
For more advice on academic writing, please visit the Study Skills Plus Canvas page.
MAIN GUIDE PART 1: IN-TEXT REFERENCING
Date?
For items with no date
The abbreviation n.d. is used to denote this:
or indirectly:
Every effort should be made to establish the year of publication if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission.
For further advice see References with missing details
Finding the year if there are Editions or Revisions of a book
Use the year of the latest edition of a book, this is generally stated on the back of the title page. After the author, state the year in the in-text citation. Include the number of the edition in your full reference, after the title. Do not include this if it is the 1st edition. Books which don't show an edition number are the first edition.
Treat Revisions as a new edition. Use the year of the revision as the date. In your full reference add rev. after the edition number eg. 3rd rev. ed.
For further advice see Books with multiple authors.
The abbreviation n.d. is used to denote this:
Smith (n.d.) has written and demonstrated......
or indirectly:
Earlier research (Smith, n.d.) demonstrated that......
Every effort should be made to establish the year of publication if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission.
For further advice see References with missing details
Finding the year if there are Editions or Revisions of a book
Use the year of the latest edition of a book, this is generally stated on the back of the title page. After the author, state the year in the in-text citation. Include the number of the edition in your full reference, after the title. Do not include this if it is the 1st edition. Books which don't show an edition number are the first edition.
Treat Revisions as a new edition. Use the year of the revision as the date. In your full reference add rev. after the edition number eg. 3rd rev. ed.
For further advice see Books with multiple authors.
UNPUBLISHED WORKS AND MISSING DETAILS
References with missing details
Where there is no obvious publication date, check the content and references to work out the earliest likely date, for example:
Occasionally it may not be possible to identify an author, place or publisher. This applies particularly to what is known as 'grey literature', such as some government documents, leaflets and other less official material.
Information such as place and publisher not found on the document, but traced from other sources, should be placed in square brackets.
You should, however be very cautious about using as supporting evidence material where you cannot identify the author, date or source.
| 1995? | probable year |
| ca. 1995 | approximately 1995 |
| 199- | decade certain but not year |
| 199? | probable decade |
Occasionally it may not be possible to identify an author, place or publisher. This applies particularly to what is known as 'grey literature', such as some government documents, leaflets and other less official material.
| Anon | author anonymous or not identifiable |
| s.l. | no place of publication (Latin: sine loco) |
| s.n. | no named publisher (Latin: sine nomine) |
| n.d. | no date |
Information such as place and publisher not found on the document, but traced from other sources, should be placed in square brackets.
You should, however be very cautious about using as supporting evidence material where you cannot identify the author, date or source.